Pyrolysis decomposition of mahogony seeds (Swietenia macrophylla) for alternative fuel oil

A fixed bed pyrolysis has been designed and fabricated for obtaining liquid fuel from Mahogany seeds. The major components of the system are fixed bed pyrolysis reactor, liquid condenser and liquid collectors. The Mahogany seed in particle form is pyrolysed in an externally heated 10 cm diameter and 36 cm high fixed bed reactor with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The reactor is heated by means of a biomass source cylindrical heater from 450oC to 600oC. The products are oil, char and gas. The reactor bed temperature, running time and feed particle size are considered as process parameters. A maximum liquid yield of 54wt% of biomass feed is obtained with particle size of 1.18 mm at a reactor bed temperature of 5500C with a running time of 90 minutes. The oil is found to possess favorable flash point and reasonable density and viscosity. The higher calorific value is found to be 39.9 MJ/kg which is higher than other biomass derived pyrolysis oils.

Responses of Swietenia macrophylla (King) seedlings to different sizes of canopy openings in mixed mahogany plantations

A study was conducted during 1997-99 at 2 sites in Sri Lanka (Rambukkana and Kurunegala) to investigate the responses of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings to wide, moderate and narrow openings of high to low shade conditions in a mature mixed mahogany plantations. Survival, stem growth and shoot phenology of seedlings were recorded monthly. Seedling survival a year after planting showed high mortality under high shaded gap (3-8% photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)). At 51 weeks after planting, final stem height and root collar diameter were highly significant under low shaded gaps. Increased number of shoots and shoot lenghts were observed under low shade (50-78% PAR). Increased flushing was seen in all shade regimes during the rainy period. This study illustrates that low shaded gap openings favour seeding survival, stem and shoot growth, and number of shoots. On the contrary, high shaded gaps reduce the growth of seedlings and therefore may be less attractive to shoot borers.

Imbibition of Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) seeds: the role of stomata

Background and Aims the occurrence of stomata in seed coats is uncommon and there is limited information about their function(s). The aim of this study was to verify the distribution of stomata in seed coats of Swietenia macrophylla and to relate it to the imbibition process and aspects of the structure of the outer integument layers.Methods For the structural and ultrastructural studies, the seeds were processed using the usual techniques and studied under light and scanning electron microscopes. Histochemical tests were employed to identify the cell wall composition in the different seed coat portions. To assess the role of the stomata in the imbibition, non-impervious seeds were compared with partially impervious ones, in which only the embryo, median or hilar regions were left free. Further, the apoplastic pathway marker was employed to confirm the role of the stomata as sites of water passage during imbibition.Key Results A positive relationship was observed between seed coat thickness and stomata density. The stomata were devoid of movement, with a large pore. They occurred in large numbers in the embryo region and extended with lower frequency towards the wing. Imbibition rates were related to stomata density, suggesting that the stomata act as preferential sites for water entry in the S. macrophylla seeds.Conclusions At maturity, the stomata in the seed coat play a significant role in seed imbibition. The data may also infer that these permanently opened stomata have an important role in gas exchange during seed development, aiding embryo respiration.

Controle químico da broca das meliaceas Hypsipyla grandella zeller (Lepidoptera: pyralidae) em mogno sul americano (Swietenia macrophylla King)

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Efeito do extrato aquoso de folhas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) em modelo in vivo de doença de Parkinson com lesão com 6-hidroxidopamina

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é caracterizada pela degeneração progressiva dos neurônios dopaminérgicos da substância negra e por presença de sinais clínicos clássicos, tais como bradicinesia, rigidez muscular, tremor em repouso e instabilidade postural. A etiologia ainda é desconhecida e as opções de tratamento disponíveis promovem apenas o alívio dos sintomas. Nesse sentido, os modelos experimentais de DP são fundamentais em estudos visando identificar os eventos moleculares envolvidos na doença e a descoberta de novas terapias neuroprotetoras. Este trabalho utilizou um modelo de hemiparkinsonismo, com lesão induzida por 6- hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA), e investigou os efeitos do extrato aquoso de folhas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) sobre as células dopaminérgicas da substância negra pars compacta (SNpc) e sobre parâmetros comportamentais avaliados no teste do campo aberto e no teste de rotações induzidas por apormofina. Os resultados mostraram que os animais lesionados com 6-OHDA apresentaram rotação contralateral induzida por apomorfina e redução significativa dos neurônios dopaminérgicos na SNpc. Entretanto, apenas o grupo injetado com 6-OHDA e tratado com mogno apresentou diminuição significante de neurônios no lado injetado em comparação com o grupo veículo/veículo. Houve também um decréscimo significante na ambulação e na bipedestação no grupo 6-OHDA/mogno. Com isso, nós concluímos que o extrato aquoso de mogno, nas condições utilizadas no presente estudo, potencializou o efeito citotóxico da 6-OHDA e ainda promoveu a piora do quadro comportamental dos animais.

Caracterização dos efeitos do extrato de folhas de Swietenia macrophylla em modelo experimental de doença de Parkinson

Estudos prévios indicam que o extrato de folhas de mogno Swietenia macrophylla possui composição química rica em substâncias antioxidantes com efeito neuroprotetor em cultura. Um dos principais mecanismos envolvidos na neurodegeração da Doença de Parkinson (DP) é o estresse oxidativo. Portanto, substâncias antioxidantes são candidatas potenciais para terapias que retardem o processo neurodegenerativo da doença. Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os efeitos do extrato de folhas de mogno frente à degeneração nigroestriatal e alterações comportamentais de camundongos expostos a uma única injeção intraestriatal de 6-OHDA unilateralmente. Foram utilizados camundongos machos, os quais foram submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica para a injeção de 20 μg de 6-OHDA no estriado esquerdo. Os animais foram subdivididos em 4 grupos, de acordo com a dose de extrato de mogno administrada. O extrato foi aplicado por via intraperitoneal nos 7 primeiros dias após a injeção de 6-OHDA nas doses de 0,0 (controle), 0,5 (G1), 1,0 (G2) e 5,0 mg/kg (G3). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu injeções de salina a 0,9% (veículo). Foi feita análise da ambulação no campo aberto antes, no 7º e no 21º dias e do número de rotações induzidas por apomorfina no 7º e no 21º dias após a cirurgia. Avaliação da neurodegeneração foi realizada através da contagem de neurônios dopaminérgicos TH+ na substância negra por estereologia. Como resultado, encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa no 21º dia, onde os grupos G2 e G3 apresentaram redução no comportamento ambulatório em relação aos grupos G1 e GC; este dois últimos tiveram comportamento ambulatório equivalente entre si. Em relação às rotações induzidas por apomorfina, no 21º dia, o G1 apresentou média de rotações significativamente menor do que os grupos GC, G2 e G3. Na contagem de células, G1 apresentou diminuição na perda dos neurônios dopaminérgicos estatisticamente significativa em relação ao controle. Assim, concluímos que o extrato de mogno na concentração de 0,5 mg/kg promoveu neuroproteção na neurodegeneração do sistema nigroestriatal induzida por 6-OHDA.

Island Invasion by a Threatened Tree Species: Evidence for Natural Enemy Release of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) on Dominica, Lesser Antilles

Despite its appeal to explain plant invasions, the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) remains largely unexplored for tropical forest trees. Even scarcer are ERH studies conducted on the same host species at both the community and biogeographical scale, irrespective of the system or plant life form. In Cabrits National Park, Dominica, we observed patterns consistent with enemy release of two introduced, congeneric mahogany species, Swietenia macrophylla and S. mahagoni, planted almost 50 years ago. Swietenia populations at Cabrits have reproduced, with S. macrophylla juveniles established in and out of plantation areas at densities much higher than observed in its native range. Swietenia macrophylla juveniles also experienced significantly lower leaf-level herbivory (~3.0%) than nine co-occurring species native to Dominica (8.4–21.8%), and far lower than conspecific herbivory observed in its native range (11%–43%, on average). These complimentary findings at multiple scales support ERH, and confirm that Swietenia has naturalized at Cabrits. However, Swietenia abundance was positively correlated with native plant diversity at the seedling stage, and only marginally negatively correlated with native plant abundance for stems ≥1-cm dbh. Taken together, these descriptive patterns point to relaxed enemy pressure from specialized enemies, specifically the defoliator Steniscadia poliophaea and the shoot-borer Hypsipyla grandella, as a leading explanation for the enhanced recruitment of Swietenia trees documented at Cabrits.

Dinâmica da regeneração natural do mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King), em área manejada na Amazônia sul ocidental.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar a dinâmica de regeneração natural do mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) em uma área explorada seletivamente na Floresta Estadual do Antimary-Acre. Foram estudados cincos ambientes floresta não perturbada, trilhas de arraste, pátios de estocagem, bordas e leitos de estradas. Foram selecionadas 20 matrizes para o estudo, em torno delas foram instalados 4 transectos de 40 x 5 m partindo da base de cada uma nos quadrantes Norte, Sul; Leste e Oeste. Foram identificadas e estudadas as trilhas, pátios e estradas próximas das matrizes. Em todos os ambientes, foram plaqueteadas e medidas todas as plântulas encontradas. Foram calculadas as taxas de ingresso, mortalidade e crescimento. As variáveis morfométricas área de projeção da copa e altura foram obtidas a partir do modelo de altura do dossel gerado a partir de dados LIDAR. Em todos os ambientes foram realizadas análises químicas do solo. Os principais resultados foram: i. O maior número de plântulas foi encontrado na floresta não perturbada (86,9%); ii. As distâncias de 0-15 m da matriz concentraram o maior número de plântulas; iii. O número de plântulas aumentou conforme acréscimo na áreas da copa das matrizes e altura; iv. As variáveis distância e DAP também tiveram efeito no total de plântulas por ambiente; v. Embora não tenha sido encontrada diferença estatística, a direção influenciou a densidade de plântulas que foi maior no quadrante Oeste (36,1%); vi. A mortalidade foi maior nas trilhas (67,3%) e a sobrevivência nos pátios (75%) e leitos de estradas (80%); viii. Na floresta houve maior percentual de ingressos (20,2%). ix. As médias de pH H2O, K, P, M.O e C.O foram menores na floresta; ix. O crescimento das plântulas foi melhor nas faixas mais distantes da matriz. Entre as principais conclusões: houve efeito de ambiente no total de plântulas, sem efeito observado da direção, nos leitos e pátios as plântulas tiverem melhor estabelecimento, a ausência de luz foi um fator determinante para alta mortalidade, o crescimento em altura no ambiente de floresta não perturbada foi lento.

Effects of artificial shade on attack by the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore)

Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae: Swietenioideae) provides one of the premier timbers of the world. The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economically important pest of S. macrophylla throughout Asia, Africa and the Pacific. No viable method of controlling this pest is known. Previous observations have suggested that the presence of overhead shade may reduce attack by H. robusta, but this has not been investigated experimentally. This research was therefore designed to assess the influence of light availability on shoot-borer attack on S. macrophylla, by establishing seedlings under three different artificial shade regimes, then using these seedlings to test oviposition preference of adult moths, neonate larval survival and growth and development of shoot borer larvae. Oviposition preference of shoot borer moths was tested on leaves from seedlings grown under artificial shade for 63 weeks. A significant difference in choice was recorded between treatments, with 27.4 ± 1.5 eggs laid under high shade and 87.1 ± 1.8 under low shade. Neonate larval survival on early flushing leaflets of S. macrophylla did not differ significantly between shade treatments. Larval growth rate, estimated by measuring daily frass width, was significantly higher for those larvae fed on seedlings from the high and medium shade treatments (0.1 mm/day), than the low shade treatment (0.06 mm/day). In laboratory-reared larvae, the total mass of frass produced was significantly higher in the high shade treatment (0.4 g) than under the low shade treatment (0.2 g). Longer tunnel lengths were bored by larvae in plants grown under high shade (12.0 ± 2.4 cm) than under low shade (7.07 ± 1.9 cm). However, pupal mass under low shade was 48% higher than that under the high shade treatment, suggesting that plants grown under high shade were of lower nutritional quality for shoot borer larvae. These results indicate that shading of mahogany seedlings may reduce the incidence of shoot borer attack, by influencing both oviposition and larval development. The establishment of mahogany under suitable shade regimes may therefore provide a basis for controlling shoot borer attack using silvicultural approaches.

Performance of seven hardwood species underplanted to Pinus elliottii in south-east Queensland

Seven hardwood species were tested as underplants under Pinus elliottii plantations on the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland. The species tested were: Flindersia brayleyana (F. Muell) (Queensland maple), F. australis (R. Br.), (crow's ash), Swietenia macrophylla (King) (American mahogany), Grevillea robusta (A. cunn) (southern silky oak), Elaeocarpus grandis (F. Muell) (silver quandong), F. ifflaiana (F. Meull) (Cairns hickory) and Ceratopetalum apetalum (D. Don) (coachwood). Most species (except E. grandis) established successfully but slowly. Underplants suffered 9-16% mortality during thinning of the overstorey. By 2004 when aged c. 38 years, four underplanted species; F. brayleyana, S. macrophylla, F. ifflaiana and E. grandis, had attained predominant heights of 20 m and mean diameter at breast height of 25 cm or better. The presence of underplants increased total site productivity by up to 23% and did not have any detrimental effect on the development of the overwood.This experiment has demonstrated that some rainforest species will survive and grow healthily as underplants in exotic pine plantations plus produce small merchantable logs within a 38 year rotation. The results also indicated the importance of correct species selection if an underplanting option is to be pursued as some species have been a complete failure (notably G. robusta).

The impact of FSC certification on timber tree regeneration and floristic composition in Honduran community forests

Forest certification has been put forward as a means to improve the sustainability of forest management in the tropical countries, where traditional environmental regulation has been inefficient in controlling forest degradation and deforestation. In these countries, the role of communities as managers of the forest resources is rapidly increasing. However, only a fraction of tropical community forests have been certified and little is known about the impacts of certification in these systems. Two areas in Honduras where community-managed forest operations had received FSC certifications were studied. Río Cangrejal represents an area with a longer history of use, whereas Copén is a more recent forest operation. Ecological sustainability was assessed through comparing timber tree regeneration and floristic composition between certified, conventionally managed and natural forests. Data on woody vegetation and environmental conditions was collected within logging gaps and natural treefall gaps. The regeneration success of shade-tolerant timber tree species was lower in certified than in conventionally managed forests in Río Cangrejal. Furthermore, the floristic composition was more natural-like in the conventionally managed than the certified forests. However, the environmental conditions indicated reduced logging disturbance in the certified forests. Data from Copén demonstrated that the regeneration success of light-demanding timber species was higher in the certified than the unlogged forests. In spite of this, the most valuable timber species Swietenia macrophylla was not regenerating successfully in the certified forests, due to rapid gap closure. The results indicate that pre-certification loggings and forest fragmentation may have a stronger impact on forest regeneration than current, certified management practices. The focus in community forests under low-intensive logging should be directed toward landscape connectivity and the restoration of degraded timber species, instead of reducing mechanical logging damage. Such actions are dependent on better recognition of resource rights, and improving the status of small Southern producers in the markets of certified wood products.

Agroforestry systems of timber species and cacao: survival and growth during the early stages

In recent times, increased emphasis has been placed on diversifying the types of trees to shade cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) and to achieve additional services. Agroforestry systems that include profitable and native timber trees are a viable alternative but it is necessary to understand the growth characteristics of these species under different environmental conditions. Thus, timber tree species selection should be based on plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate growth rates and leaf area indices of the four commercial timber species: Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia rosea in conjunction with incidence of insect attacks and (2) to compare growth rates of four Venezuelan Criollo cacao cultivars planted under the shade of these four timber species during the first 36 months after establishment. Parameters monitored in timber trees were: survival rates, growth rates expressed as height and diameter at breast height and leaf area index. In the four Cacao cultivars: height and basal diameter. C. thaisiana and C. odorata had the fastest growth and the highest survival rates. Growth rates of timber trees will depend on their susceptibility to insect attacks as well as to total leaf area. All cacao cultivars showed higher growth rates under the shade of C. odorata. Growth rates of timber trees and cacao cultivars suggest that combinations of cacao and timber trees are a feasible agroforestry strategy in Venezuela.

Comparative analysis by protocol and key of seed storage behaviour of sixty Vietnamese tree species

Seed storage behaviour of 5 1 native and 9 introduced tree species in Vietnam was investigated using a brief protocol developed to aid biodiversity conservation in circumstances where little is known about the seeds. Of the 60 species, 34 appeared to show orthodox (Acacia auriculaeformis, Adenanthera pavonina, Afzelia xylocarpa, Bauhinia purpurea, Callistemon lanceolatus, Cananga odorata, Canarium nigrum, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica, Cassia splendida, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia bariaensis, Dialium cochinchinensis, Diospyros mollis, Diospyros mun, Dracuntomelon duperreanum, Erythrophleum fordii, Khaya senegalensis, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Livistona cochinchinensis, Markhamia stipulata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Millettia ichthyotona, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Peltophorum tonkinensis, Pinus khasya, Pinus massoniana, Pinus merkusii, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Sindora siamensis, Sophora tonkinense, Sterculia foetida, Swietenia macrophylla), 13 recalcitrant (Avicennia alba, Beilschmiedia roxburghiana, Caryota mitis, Dimocarpus sp., Diospyros malabarica, Dipterocarpus chartaceus, Dypsis pinnatifrons, Hopea odorata, Lithocarpus gigantophylla, Machilus odoratissimus, Melanorrhoea laccifera, Melanorrhea usitata, Syzygium cinereum) and 13 intermediate (Anisoptera cochinchinensis, Aphanamixis polystachya, Averrhoa carambola, Carissa carandas, Chrysopylum cainito, Cinnamomum camphora, Citrofortunella microcarpa, Citrus grandis var. grandis, Elaeis guineensis, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, Madhuca floribunda, Manilkara achras, Mimusops elengi) seed storage behaviour. A double-criteria key to estimate likely seed storage behaviour showed good agreement with the above: the key can reduce the workload of seed storage behaviour identification considerably.

Fertilidade e fauna edáfica em solo sob reflorestamento com paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) no município de Aurora do Pará

Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a variação na fertilidade do solo e na fauna edáfica sob reflorestamento com paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Heber ex. Ducke) em monocultivo ou em sistema agroflorestal quando comparados com floresta secundária em área experimental considerando a sazonalidade da precipitação no período de 2009 e 2010. A área experimental pertence a Fazenda Tramontina Belém S/A, localizada no nordeste paraense, no município de Aurora do Pará. Foram analisados quatro tratamentos submetidos a reflorestamento com: Curauá (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius L.B.Smith), Paricá (Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) sob a forma de monocultivos, Paricá + curauá (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius L.B.Smith; Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke); Paricá + Mogno + Freijó + Curauá (Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke; Switenia macrophylla, King; Cordia goeldiana Huber; Ananas comosus var. erectifolius L.B.Smith). As amostragens foram realizadas em dezembro de 2009, abril e julho de 2010, o que caracterizou o período sazonal de transição (estiagem para chuva intensa), chuva intensa e estiagem respectivamente, para avaliar a granulometria, densidade aparente, densidade da partícula, porosidade total e umidade atual, bases trocáveis, soma de bases, CTC, acidez, fósforo, teor de carbono orgânico, pH, em três profundidades diferentes (0 – 10 cm. 10 - 20 cm; 20 – 40 cm) e a ocorrência de macrofauna edáfica. Os resultados mostraram a ação dos períodos sazonais sobre a densidade aparente, densidade da partícula, porosidade total do solo. Fatores químicos como, por exemplo, carbono orgânico, cujos teores variaram entre 5,85 g/kg e 13,00 g/kg, com teores elevados no sistema de cultivo S2, sofreu alterações nos períodos sazonais chuva intensa e estiagem. Quanto a fauna edáfica, foram capturados 9.964 invertebrados pertencentes a 26 táxons diferentes. Os mais abundantes foram Hymenoptera- Formicidae (5.805), Coleoptera (1.454), Acari (862), Collembola (649), Diplopoda (307) e Isopoda (110). Dos 26 táxons identificados, aproximadamente 40% deles apresentaram apenas um representante nas três amostragens efetuadas ou em apenas uma delas. Os maiores valores para frequência relativa ocorreu no sistema de cultivo S2, S4 e S3, respectivamente. O maior valor para frequência absoluta ocorreu durante o período sazonal chuva intensa em S1. As áreas sob reflorestamento com monocultivo e sistema agroflorestal paricà + curauá mostraram melhores desempenhos na recuperação da fertilidade do solo e da fauna edáfica comprovando a eficácia do paricá em monocultivo ou em sistema agroflorestal na recuperação da fertilidade do solo e da fauna edáfica.